Research methodology for respecifying and operationalizing theoretical social concepts as empirical phenomena in social interaction

An exploration using trust and trustworthiness as exemplary cases

PhD defence by Ann Merrit Rikke Nielsen.

 

This dissertation is concerned with research methodology and the empirical respecification of theoretical phenomena as social, interactional phenomena and how this affects methodological choices. Using trust and trustworthiness as exemplary cases, it explores current trust research methodology as well as the process of conceptualizing, defining, and operationalizing complex, abstract social phenomena as empirical interactional phenomena. It investigates ethnomethodologically (EM) and conversation analytically (CA) informed measurement of social phenomena more generally. The dissertation consists of three books which are presented below.

The first book, Challenging Methodology in Trust Research, is concerned with methodology in empirical trust research. It presents 10 different views of trust and trusting found in the social sciences and psychology, and it discusses their knowledge interests in relation to their use of data. Drawing on EM founded premises for the utilization of different empirical data, Garfinkel’s trust conditions (Garfinkel, 1963), and Mead’s theories of the self, it challenges the use of some widely applied methods in trust research. The book points to a range of underestimated errors and offers EM/CA-based methodological solutions. It argues for a new understanding of the usability of self-reported data in trust research, proposes that the study of trust as empirical object at work in the social world is both essential and understudied, and suggests extended use of video-ethnographic data for exploring understudied aspects.

The second, book Revisiting Trustworthiness as a Sensorially Observable Phenomenon in Social Interaction, picks up on this latter issue and dives into the molecular structure of realized trust in social interaction. Bringing together trust research, rhetoric, and ethnomethodology, the book conceptualizes, respecifies, and operationalizes trustworthiness as a research object in mundane and professional social interaction. It formulates an EM/CA-based analytical program for trustworthiness as a relational and dynamic interactional phenomenon achieved in social interaction and coins the term character-bound displays, as observed as clusters of indicators. It identifies four participant orientations of trustworthiness that may be foregrounded in participants’ dynamic identity projects: orientation to truth and honesty, to stake and interest, to ability and knowledge, and to consistency and predictability. Turning the theoretical concept of trustworthiness into an empirical object of CA-informed interaction analysis—allowing for the exploration of whether and how interactants display, test, and negotiate their mutual trustworthiness in an encounter—it identifies codable interactional phenomena indicative of participants’ orientation to one or more components of trustworthiness. It analyses exemplary cases from each of the four orientations using ethnomethodological multimodal conversation analysis.

The third book, Measurement in Social Interaction: A Conversation Analytic Approach to the Measurement of Social Phenomena, picks up the challenge of identifying and measuring different types of social phenomena in an EM/CA frame. It initially introduces both CA’s transition from a radical novel discipline to a well-established method for interaction research and how this has influenced CA’s approach to formal quantification. It explores the difference between CA-informed operationalization of social phenomena and the formal approach found broadly in sociology and linguistics. It provides an overview of the discussion on quantification in CA before respecifying and defining measurement in an EM/CA context. It presents a taxonomy of CA studies applying formal quantification over the past 40 years. Finally, it addresses the subject of practical measurement, demonstrating how to identify relevant measurement objects and their “environments of relevant possible occurrence” (Schegloff, 1993:103). It provides guidelines for how to proceed with measurement in CA research without succumbing to reification or oversimplification and points to perspectives and possibilities for measuring both countable objects and uncountable phenomena by combining CA methodology and formal quantification.

 

 

Denne afhandling beskæftiger sig med forskningsmetodologi, med den empiriske respecificering af teoretiske sociale fænomener og med hvilke konsekvenser denne respecificering har for de metodologiske valg en forsker træffer. Med tillid og troværdighed som eksempler udforsker den samtidig metodologi i samfundsvidenskabelig tillidsforskning, samt konceptualisering, definition og operationalisering af komplekse, sociale fænomener som empiriske interaktionelle fænomener. Den udforsker desuden måling af sociale fænomener mere generelt indenfor etnometodologien (EM) og samtaleanalysen (CA).

Afhandlingen består af tre bøger, som præsenteres en for en nedenfor.

Den første bog Challenging methodology in trust research beskæftiger sig med metodologiske valg bredt i tillidsforskning’en. Den præsenterer ti syn på, eller konceptualiseringer af, tillid identificeret i samfundsvidenskaberne og psykologi og diskuterer deres erkendelsesinteresser relativt til deres valg af empirisk data. Med udgangspunkt i en EM-baserede forståelse af hvilken viden forskellige empiriske datatyper kan generere, Garfinkel’s forståelse af tillid (Garfinkel, 1963) og Mead’s teorier om selvet, udfordrer bogen den måde en række bredt anvendte metoder i tillidsforskning analyseres på. Bogen peger desuden på en række underpåviste fejlkilder og anbefaler EM/CA-baserede metodologiske løsninger på disse. Den argumenterer for en ny forståelse af hvordan selvrapporterede data bedst anvendes i tillidsforskning. Yderligere foreslår den at studiet af tillid som empirisk fænomen der aktivt påvirker den sociale verden, er væsentligt og bør udvides, og anbefaler brug af video-etnografiske data og EM/CA- metoder til at udforske disse understuderede aspekter af tillid.

Den anden bog Revisiting trustworthiness as a sensorially observable phenomenon in social interaction tager det sidstnævnte spørgsmål fra ovenstående bog op. Med afsæt i tillidsforskning, retorik og etnometodologi konceptualiserer, respecificerer og operationaliserer bogen troværdighed som forskningsobjekt social interaktion. Bogen formulerer et EM/CA-baseret analytisk program for troværdighed som relationelt og dynamisk interaktionelt fænomen, der bliver til i social interaktion og peger på udtrykket ‘karakterbundne displays’ der kan observeres som klynger af indikatorer. Den identificerer fire deltagerorienteringer mod troværdighed, som deltagerne kan fremhæve i deres dynamiske identitetsprojekter: orientering mod sandhed og ærlighed; mod ‘stake’ og interesse, mod evner og viden, og mod konsistens og forudsigelighed. Denne transformation of troværdighed fra teoretisk koncept til et empirisk objekt giver mulighed for, via CA-analyse, at udforske hvordan medlemmer af samfundet viser, tester og forhandler troværdighed i mødet med hinanden. Via CA-analyse identificerer bogen interaktionsfænomener, der kan kodes som indikatorer på deltagernes orientering mod en eller flere komponenter af troværdighed og analyserer eksempler på dette ved hjælp af etnometodologisk multimodal samtaleanalyse.

Den tredje bog Measurement in Social Interaction. A Conversation Analytic Approach to the Measurement of Social Phenomena adresserer identifikation og måling af forskellige sociale fænomener fra et EM/CA- perspektiv. Den udforsker, hvordan CA-informeret operationalisering af sociale fænomener adskiller sig fra formel top-down måling bredt inden for sociologi og lingvistik. Den præsenterer CA’s udvikling fra radikal ny disciplin til veletableret metode indenfor interaktions-forskning og CA’s tilgang til formel kvantificering. Den giver et h overblik over den metodologiske diskussion om kvantificering i CA, og respecificerer og definerer måling i en EM/CA-sammenhæng. Den præsenterer en taksonomi for CA-studier, der i løbet af de sidste 40 år har anvendt kvantificering. Endelig demonstrerer den via eksempler, hvordan man identificerer måleobjekter og deres "miljøer for relevant mulig forekomst" (Schegloff, 1993: 103) i video- og audioetnografiske data. Den udstikker desuden retningslinjer for, hvordan måling indenfor CA-forskning kan udforskes uden at risikere reifikation eller overforenkling af de fænomener der ønskes målt, og den peger på perspektiver for at måle både tælbare objekter og utællelige fænomener ved at kombinere CA med formel kvantificering.

 

Assessment committee

  • Associate Professor Brian Lystgaard Due, chair (University of Copenhagen)
  • Professor Geoffrey Raymond (University of California, Santa Barbara)
  • Professor Ruth Parry (University of Loughborough)

Moderator of the defence

  • Associate Professor Kasper Boye (University of Copenhagen)